"Zeal for Your house has eaten me up". "Do not make My Father's house a house of merchandise".
These events occured after the water to wine miracle in Cana. Thus, we assume that Jesus and His disciple made another trip back to Jerusalem for this Passover, but this was before His final trip to Jerusalem for His crucifixion.
During the Passover, a sacrifice was made. This was the Passover lamb that was eaten in remembrance of the Israelite exodus from Egypt. The lamb symbolized a few things: substitution of the object of judgment on sin (the lamb for the Israelites), forgiveness of sins, identification with God, protection (from God's judgment), grace, providence, cleansing, and probably many other wonderful things. It is therefore interesting to see how Jesus is the complete fulfillment of all these symbols, as the actual thing rather than just a symbol. Back to the passage, a sacrifice was made during the Passover, and therefore, since not all were farmers, and not all could afford lambs, and also, because there were other types of sacrifices to be made at the temple other than the Passover sacrifice, people bought animals from others, conveniently around the temple at Jerusalem.
It is apparent from Jesus' reaction, that this practice of buying animals for the sacrifice was being abused. What was the main problem of buying and selling animals at the temple, since sacrifices were needed? Note, there were also money changers doing business! The sacrifice was a ritual that was to bring about remembrance and worship of God. But in elevating and playing off the role of money, the sacrifice came to be ironically cheapened. It no longer became about God, but about money and men profiting off a holy ritual. Consider this, a family tradition such as a reunion dinner, and the commercialism that surrounds the food required for the dinner, how that affects the meaning of the actual dinner and tradition if we are not careful. Case in point, think about Christmas and Easter, and New Year celebrations.
Futhermore, the temple of Jerusalem is the footstool of God, and the house of prayer, God's house. God of the universe. The Most High. Do you sell and change money for profit in the house of such a being? How atrocious. Men substitute the most holy and meaningful of all things that has intrinisic value, with value of something else that is in fact meaningless, money. What is money that we should want it so much at the expense of the real thing, God? What is any other value in life that we should want it so much at the expense of the ultimate creator and source of all true values, God?
Jesus' anger is obvious and reminiscent of how God chases and drives out the inhabitants of a land who's sin has disgusted Him. Recall, the Israelites war on the Canaanites, driving them out from the Promised Land because of the sins of the Canaanites. Recall, the Babylonians and Assyrians driving Israel out from the Promised Land because of the sins of the Israelites. Now, Jesus drives out the people from the temple. The place is made holy because of God. Unholy men with their deeds have no place there.
And as if they thought they Jesus' actions were unjustified, they had the gall to challenge Him for a sign to appease them since He has done these things! John uses this to illustrate the blindness of the people (the Light has come, but the world did not know Him), and mentions this later on in Jesus' conversation with Nicodemus. For they did not understand His sign of the raising the temple in three days, nor did they see who He truly was (since He kept Himself from them, v24) even though He performed many signs while in Jerusalem at this time.
How many times, when we are going on with our daily profiteering, as subtle as it can be, we are being in stark opposition to the holy purposes of God? And how often we refuse to believe because we are too proud to acknowledge the higher and most valuable of values, that God has put into place.
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